Polanyi Philosophic Argument - 1100 Words

Polanyi: Philosophic Argument (Essay Sample) Content: Polanyi: Philosophic ArgumentName:Institution:Polanyi: Philosophic ArgumentSummaryKarl Polanyi was born in Vienna, Hungary in 1886 and was a famous philosopher of the 20th century. His philosophic arguments that revolved around neoclassical economics and its relation with human behavior brought about tremendous attention, insight and criticism. Concisely, the philosopher remains one of the most outstanding critics of capitalism or rather the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Free Market System" with his thesis of embeddedness. A keen look into the philosophy of Polanyi indicates that he saw human social behavior as the controlling factor behind the economy or Market. Born in Vienna towards the end of the 19th century, he gained tremendous prominence as an economic philosopher, sociologist and an educationalist. He advocated for the realization of economic policies that went up against traditional economic thought while opposing the mainstream economic philosophy of the time. Overall, ho wever, one can correctly argue that Polanyià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s philosophy, though vigorously incisive, was motivated by the realization of general welfare and social justice for society in general. Just like Hayek and Keynes, among other great philosophers, the views of Polanyi became popular in numerous fields of study and life in general.Polanyià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s "The Great Transformation" describes and criticizes the rise of capitalism; he calls it the "Market Societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Currently, the concept of capitalism or Free Market system is not only so prevalent in all corners of the world, but also forms the central focus of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s modern societies. A keen logician cannot however fail to notice that this concept (of market society), as asserted by Polanyi, has resulted in some notable damages to humanity and natural settings altogether.IdeologiesThe idea of embeddedness is without doubt a complex one. Polanyi strives to indicate that the market society and so capitalism is ch aracterized by a separation of human institutions like family, politics and religion among others. As such and in a sense, there exist aspects of disembeddedness so to speak, and the economy ought to be viewed as a separate sphere to be embedded by virtue of moral order as the guiding principle behind both economic and social relations.Polanyi maintains that before the realization of modernity, economic activities were embedded in human social behavior and or interactions. However, with the coming of modernity, arose the idea and manifestation of the market society. To explain this, Polanyi describes a community oriented by parameters of market forces of demand and supply and so, the independent institutions created by man. As such, human relations have become subordinate to means of allocating scarce resources within the society. In other words, the philosopher demonstrates his being on familiar terms with the fact that capitalism has resulted in a situation whereby the modern soci ety fails to hold sufficient regard for human social needs but rather exclusively focuses on economic factors. In the Great Transformation, Polanyi terms this concept as the Speenhamland system, further citing that modernityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s main feature is the Market economy, characterized by laissez-faire, which in not a natural aspect, considering it leads to the annihilation of human substance in the society.Indeed, the Market economy has resulted in increased commoditization of human social life, an idea supported by this paper. Polanyi explains that the free markets actively treat Labor (human beings) and Land (nature) as commodities- fictitious commodities. The main reason for supporting this idea lies in the fact that the market economy has all its aspects subject to market forces and mechanisms, a feature that Polanyi sees as the source of predicament for the society. Even though he accepts that a purely free market cannot exist (an utopia), Polanyi emphasizes the importance of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"protectionismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ as a countermovement for the dangers posed by capitalism. This together with the other movement (capitalism/ market economy) forms the concept of double movement. As such and in the fullest sense, it is important to note that the double movements exist both in simultaneously as they resist and fight against each other. The concept is not characterized by a temporal sequence, according to Polanyi; capitalism was under the influence of the double movement by the first half of the 20th century.In support of his assertions, this paper recognizes that Polanyià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ideological beliefs demonstrate that the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic order is nothing short of detrimental to society in a number of ways. The philosopher observed that market mechanisms often conflicted with social mechanisms in Vienna during early 19th Century. Socialist majorities, who commanded foundational politics tended to dominate all aspects of the economy. This is hence v iewed as a major influence on Polanyià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s theories regarding the socialist economy as a positive one. He bore strong disinclination to social-democratic free market economy as he saw importance in exercise of social responsibility by all members of society. Moreover, Polanyi saw...

Piaget s Stage Theory Account For Children s Cognitive...

How well does Piaget’s stage theory account for children’s cognitive development? Intro Piaget believed there were four stages in a child’s cognitive development and sub stages within these stages. These stages have been the object of debate since Piaget introduced them and are still continuously debated. All of the stages are very concrete and large scale. They don’t account for children at a particular age who are behind or ahead. Piaget underestimated the capability of children to do particular things earlier than he predicted. However, Piaget overestimated the ability of younger children to understand the words used by adults and the implications of their actions. Piaget’s stages help schools to understand that children develop in different ways and hopefully provide schools with different, more stimulating ways to educate students. The four stages have provided a basis for child development, spurred other child psychologists into proving his theories incorrect and created the first step in the understanding of cognitive development. What is a stage? A stage in psychology is a step that contributes to development. It is a synonym for behaviour (Brainerd, C. .J. 1978). Jean Piaget theorised that there are four stages in a child s development. Sensorimotor, which occurs in children age zero to two, pre-operational in ages two to seven, concrete operational in ages seven to twelve and formal operational from the age of twelve onwards. The sensorimotor stage is the processShow MoreRelatedHow Does Piaget s Stage Theory Account For Children s Cognitive Development?1576 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Piaget’s stage theory account for children’s cognitive development? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) had a stage theory about cognitive development and how it works with children. There are 4 stages to this theory; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Piaget emphasised that they occur in this order. (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2015, p. 446). He considered the fact that the way child’s mind develops, intellectually, is a continuous process of Assimilation and AccommodationRead MoreDiscuss Piagets theory of cognitive development1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’sRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MoreThe Strengths And Weaknesses Of Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory1356 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget is a key figure for development, focusing on cognitive constructivism – that being that we must learn from experience and development, building on knowledge that has already been developed. The strengths and weaknesses of Piaget s cognitive development theory will be discussed. Piaget suggests that development in children occurs in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. During the Sensorimotor stage (between birth and the age of two)Read MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesare born, children are immersed in a social world. Rapid learning takes place and is supported not only by parents, siblings, teachers and friends but also the important values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to theRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhoodRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development Of Thought And Language Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesAilà ­n Florencia Thought and Language: independent processes. With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The latter also made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed as associate one to the other, both of themRead MoreSociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge1650 Words   |  7 Pagesin cultural texts,are mediated by language and other symbol systems,and can be best understood when investigated in their historical development.†(John-Steiner,V and Mahn,H 1996).While Jean Piaget was the towering figure in the science of cognitive development throughout much of the 20th century.His work had two complementary thrusts:constructivism and stage theory.†(Carey,Zaitchik and Bascandziev 2015) There are 6 elements that lead to the differences between these two definitions.These 6 reasonsRead MoreTheories Of Cognitive Development And Comment On Impact On Education1381 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate some theories of cognitive development and comment on the impact they have had on education. This essay will describe and evaluate two of the main three theories concerning cognitive development and comment on how they have impacted education. Cognitive development is the mental process in which we think and how we remember, problem solving and decision making. There are three main theorists that have a theory on cognitive development, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner. Piaget and Vygotsky are

Child Abuse and Cognitive Psychology - 1478 Words

Child Abuse and Cognitive Psychology Language is an important component in discussing cognitive psychology. There are many different aspects to language that can be broken down to better understand its functions. Language can be defined as â€Å"An organized way to combine words to communicate† (O’Brien, lecture notes 2014). In addition language is a communication system that is unique to humans. It is also something that is learned as opposed to being biologically inherited (O’Brien, lecture notes, 2014). Neuroimaging is also an important mechanism in cognitive psychology. Neuroimaging also known as brain imaging involves â€Å"the construction of pictures of the anatomy and functioning of intact brains through such techniques as computerized axial tomography, (CAT, or CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)† (Galotti, 2014). Since language and neuroimaging are broad topics, this paper will examine how language and neuroimaging are affected in children who have been exposed to severe neglect and abuse. There are several studies that discuss how these two cognitive factors play a role in abused children. The first study was written by Audetter Sylvestre and Chantal Merette. In their paper they discuss language delays in severely neglected children. These Canadian researchers investigated severely neglected children that were 2-36 months in age (Sylvestre and Merette, 2010). They developed severalShow MoreRelatedTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreExamine Research on Applications of Life Span Psychology on the Children Defense Fund Program1254 Words   |  6 PagesExamine Research on Applications of Lifespan Psychology The purpose and focus of this week assignment is to select a program or an agency that conducts research on lifespan psychology to create applications that strengthen public policy and programs. The program selected for this assignment is the Children defense fund program. The Children Defense fund is a nationwide organization put in place to ensure that every child is treated fair and has an effective and promising start in life, regardlessRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. 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Information Processing Theories of TraumaRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MoreCurrent Event Psychology Article Review1433 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors at play that parents must keep in mind. They have to consider social and cultural issues, the ethics involved in the matter, as well as personal dynamics relating to psychology. The goal of the parents wasn’t a mere attempt to force traditional roles and values onto their children. However, they were respectful to their child own values. Parents and teachers would be more aware, constructive, and active participant in the formation of their child’s identity if researchers extended the focus ofRead More The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known asRead MoreThe Association Between Abuse And Children s Academic Level Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe Association between Abuse by Parents and Children’s Academic Level Sydney D. Gore Research Plan 2016 Introduction Many children who experience abuse mentally, physically, or sexually tend to have troubles performing academically well in school. Maltreatment was predicted to negatively affect children s academic and behavioral alteration through the creation of discrepancies in academic engagement, social capabilities, ego resiliency, and ego control (Shonk, S. M., Cicchetti, D. 2001). MyRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Child Maltreatment Faith A. Hopper Columbia College HUMS 390 Child Maltreatment In the beginning of this course, maltreatment meant getting hit in areas of your body besides your buttocks. But as this class progressed through this class it gets much deeper than that. According to the New York Office of Child and Family Services, maltreatment is defined as the quality of care a child is receiving from those responsible for him/her. When a parent or individual who is legally responsible

The Evolution of Hip-Hop free essay sample

The world of music alone Is always evolving, however weve come to a conclusion that the message the artist convey In hip-hop music In this generation not helping out or paving the way for the next generation. The focus is to inform the readers that smoke weed everyday or folding Molly getting women Is not what the hip-hop scene is all about. Hip-hop artists tell stories, or teach listeners about the everyday life whether it is a privileged life, or a suffering part of life.Through the evolution of hip-hop there were many styles that artists have came across. Styles such as conscious rap, battle rap, and political rap have swept the listeners of hip-hop off their feet. Hip-hop Is a form of popular music that Is compromised mainly of emceeing and decaying. This genre of music originated in New York during the asss. American DC Africa Bumboat, also known as the godfather, were one of the originators of break-beat deejay. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Hip-Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Africa Bumboat is also known for giving hip- hop Its name.The hip-hop culture Is characterized by the four elements of rapping, breakfasting, decaying, and graffiti. The hip-hop culture started from house parties here deejays would mix samples of records. From the Bronx, the culture then would spread to urban and suburban communities across the world. Rap Is a rhythmic style adaptation and development over the course of the history of the culture. Conscious rap is a sub-genre of hip-hop that focuses on creating awareness and communicate knowledge. Conscious political rappers speak out on violence, discrimination, and other social ailments.Conscious rap contain positive, uplifting messages, often delivered over smooth, ear-grabbing beats. Some notable conscious hip-hop artists are KIRKS-One, Common, Taliban Kiel, he Roots, Kenya West, Moms Defy, Pharaoh Mooch, Nas, K-Cos, and Lauren Hill. Battle rap is a style of hip-hop that stems from the quest to be competitive within the culture. This style of hip-hop is used to sharpen the artists lyrical swords. Battle emcees focus on boastful lines and self-glorifying rhymes about ones proficiency or level of success, accompanied by verbal insults hurled at the other party, directly or subliminally. Ninth Africa Bumboat and DC Cool Here pioneering the first ever hip- hop movement, The Sugar Hill Gang released the first ever hip-hop single called Rappers Delight in the year 1979. Sugar Hill Gangs single hit the billboard charts at number 36. Various rap singles were soon released by Grand Master Flash and Furious 5, Curtis Blow, FAA 5 Freddy, and the Soul Sonic Force. The forefathers of hip-hop pioneered the movement that has rapidly changed the music industry. Ice-T came out with a single called Body Rock which pioneered the gangs rap movement. N. W. A. Also called N****s Wit Attitude helped pioneer the gangs rap movement with a single called Straight Auto Compton in the year 1989. The group ailed The Fugues, a group which consisted of Lauren Hill, Wesley Jean, and Prays. Hip-hop which is similar to political rap in which the artist promotes social ideals. Or show a comparison between the old generation of hip-hop and the new generation lets take a look at some of the lyrics. Public Enemy, a group which consisted of Chuck D. , Flavor Flag, Professor Grief, and DC Terminator X, was known for there politically charged lyrics and American criticism. In one song called Fight The Power, one verse reads Im black and Im proud Im ready and hyped lust Im named, most of my heroes dont appear on no stamps. The unfortunate stupidity and ignorance that is associated with racism forced defeat with this song particular. Another old school song is by a group called N. W. A. This group consisted of Ice Cube, MAC Rene, Easy-E, Dry. Deer, DC Yell, and Arabian Prince. In one song called Express Yourself one verse reads Im expressing with my full capabilities, and now Im living in correctional facilities. Dry.Deer sums up how censorship has Challenged the freedom of speech we as Americans are entitled to. Now lets fast-forward a little bit in time to the new generation of hip-hop music. Ill Wayne had a hit single called Got Money featuring T-Pain. In this song one verse reads l make it snow, I make it flurry. I make it out alright tomorrow, dont worry. Ill Wayne reminded us that hip-hop never really had a sense of humor. Another song that comes in this generation is called Flat Line by an artist named Chief Kef. One verse reads She said she like me, and I say money anti a damn thing.I spend it all on the same thing, same Gucci, the same Jeans, Gucci Gucci prison system. Chief Kef is another Chi-town gangrene that constantly raps about the hood life. Because he is signed to a record label, he feels a need to write about his riches. His lyrics are far from meaningful. Old school hip hop music began in the early sasss inspired by funk music. A large number of artists split from mainstream disco movement and began creating hip-hop bases on a funk bass line. This new musical style was pushed to the underground with a small, yet loyal, fan base. However, disco was still a superior form of music at the time.Due to the small fan base came a lack of ending and musical technology to create music, thus sampling was born. Sampling is the process of taking brief segments of sound (I. E. Song, movie, or elsewhere) and using that sound to form another sound or musical piece. Many of the earliest hip-hop musicians were criticized about the the dishonest nature of sampling copy-written material. This sparked a negative attitude towards rap music. From the simple beginning of hip-hop and rap music has evolved, and continues to evolve. The title of new school reflects the change that has occurred both in instrumental hip-hop, as well as its lyrics.Most artists considered new school released music after the year 1985. Instrumentals were the first to change and lyrics soon followed. Starting in the early sasss, many rappers began abandoning their harder lyrics full of mistrust and replacing these values with life stories, positive messages, and calls for good causes. With this change, hip-hop music reached its music. Once rap music had public support, many artists used their influence to preach their morals and standards, or Just to tell their life story. This slow evolution has made it explosive and long-lasting force within the music community.